Currently drug resistant microbes are one

Currently drug resistant microbes are one of the major global health issues [39]. In this study, BCAgNPs (zone of inhibition 7.5–9 mm) exhibited the higher antifungal activity in terms of inhibition zones when compared with the BC extract alone. The results of antifungal activity presented in Table 3, indicates that methanolic extract of B. ciliata had an antifungal activity against A. niger, A. fumigatus, F. solani and A. flavus (zone of inhibition range 7.5–9 mm). Antifungal activities of silver nanoparticles have been reported widely [40]. Numerous fungal strains showing drug resistance like F. solani, Candida albicans, A. flavus and Candida glaberata have been reported [41]. Another study by Vivek et al. [40], have also reported the antifungal activities of silver nanoparticles. On the other hand, various studies have been carried out for the characterization of chemical and structural nature of nanoparticles, those can be used as alternative antifungal drug [40]. Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles is due to the release of silver ions in the Bisindolylmaleimide V Supplier [42] and due the attached bioactive constituents. Lipo-solubility is the main factor that determines the antifungal activity of sample [43]. Lipid membrane around the cell controls the permeability and allows the lipid soluble material in the cell. Chelation decreases the metal ion polarity, due to overlapping of ligand orbital and partial sharing of the positive charge of the metal ion with donor groups. Due to increase the lipophilicity complexes are penetrated in the lipid membrane easily and consequently, block metal binding sites on the enzymes of the microorganism [43,44].
Conclusion It is concluded from our results that green synthesis of BCAgNPs was carried successfully by using B. ciliata extract. Incorporation of active phytoconstituents such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds is added advantage of synthesized nanoparticles. Further, these nanoparticles were evaluated for their activities and showed higher antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities compared to extract. The significances of this study demonstrate a broad range of applications of synthesized nanoparticles.
Acknowledgment